Looking Arctic in Temperatures

Arctic warmer than in 2000, but it must be cool due to changes in the orbit of the Earth that causes the lack of direct sunlight.

In fact, the cooling of the Arctic for nearly two thousand years, and then in the direction of the last century, and began, as human activities that add greenhouse gases warm the atmosphere.

"If it's not cool is the right man for the increased production of greenhouse gas emissions in the summer, temperatures in the Arctic and in the past century," said Bette Otto-Bliesner, National Center for Atmospheric Research scientist and co-author of the study of Temperatures in the Arctic, published in the Friday edition of the journal Science.

The recent 10 years, 1999-2008, was the warmest in the last 2000 years in the Arctic, according to the researchers, led by Darrell S. Kaufman, a professor of geology and environmental science at Northern Arizona University.

Summer temperatures in the Arctic average of 2.5 degrees Celsius (1.4 degrees Celsius) warmer than expected if the cooling is continued according to the researchers.

Assessment of the fuel for the debate on the House-adopted bill pending in the Senate climate. Administration supports the first measure would limit greenhouse gas emissions and, ultimately, to impose a reduction of 80 percent through a price for each ton of pollution, climate change.

This is the last beat of drums in a report on the situation in the Arctic warming, including:

• A researcher reported that the seas return from Alaska to the emission of acid gases quickly recognized as tropical waters, a potential threat to the state for 4.6 billion U.S. dollars of the fishing industry.
  
  
• NASA satellite that measures sea-ice in the Arctic more than just in the region decreased dramatically thinner. Share former major in the Arctic sea ice has decreased by 57 percent of the winter of 2004 to 2008.
  
  
• The effects of global warming in Alaska, including the melting of glaciers and the erosion of coastal forests north of Mars destructive beetles were restrained in winter.

And the melting of ice on land, as a huge Greenland ice cap, sea level rise around the world, the millions of people who threaten to live in the coastal cities.

The new report is available on the decades of reconstruction of the temperature for the year 2000, which was designed to use information from ancient sediments, ice cores, tree rings and other monsters. The results were then made with the climate models of complex computer simulations in comparison with the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado

"This study gives us a long-term records that show how emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities is a great natural environment of the Arctic," says NCAR scientist David Schneider, co-author of the study.

Added Jonathan T. Overpeck of the University of Arizona professor of earth sciences: "The Arctic is very vulnerable to human causes of climate change and our results suggest that it actually was. "

In addition, he said, as the Arctic warms less snow and ice reflect sunlight into space and the newly exposed soil included black and dark energy of the sea surface and the heat of the sun more, accelerating the warming.

Arctic Cooling is the result of the 21000-year cycle of ground movements in the north are less energy and cause less summer in the past 8000 years. This process will not change again a few one thousand years.

This research is funded by the National Science Foundation.

New Fuel from Watermelon?

A client in the summer backyard barbecue and snacks, watermelon is also a promising new source of renewable energy.

According to a recent study, the rest of the watermelon from the garden "plants can grow to 9.4 million liters (2.5 million liters) of clean, renewable fuel ethanol per year for cars, trucks, gas tanks or aircraft conversion.

Agriculture, watermelon is a strange fruit - Each year, farmers across the country between 20 and 40 percent of their crops to rot in the ground. This is the ugly duck much, but on the inside, that defects or corrosion, not only selling melons in the supermarket.

Fly 'as a raven landed on the melon, it takes two to kiss on the skin, which is not good, "Wayne Fish of the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Lane, Oklahoma, said." I have farmers tell me: "I've fifth bowler on the field. Is there anything I do? "

While the United States, he believes that 360,000 tons of water melons in these areas, the damage per year.

Some local farmers wonder if the waste is converted into a melon, clean fuel ethanol from sugar mills. Placed in a series of new experiences yesterday in the journal Biotechnology for Biofuels, the fish and the research team has shown they can.

Moreover, the juice of watermelon in the perfect way to industrial mass production of ethanol from corn, sugar cane molasses can be converted and optimized.

Watermelon juice is it will generate approximately 10 percent sugar by volume, about half of the merger, the consideration of the rights to ethanol producers. But it is from amino acids, which are a major source of nitrogen to feed the yeast during fermentation vol.

Clean, they calculated that the team could make about 2.5 million liters of ethanol per year from waste melon, down in the bucket of an industry that last year production of 9 billion liters of corn oil and other United States.

But corn and molasses requires lots of water, nitrogen, and sometimes added in preparation for fermentation. The team has shown that the juice of the watermelon melon water consumption decreased significantly reduce the supply of nitrogen is needed, and add sugar mixture, the amount of grain or molasses, 15 percent.

"There is no substitute for corn. In that sense it remains a niche source of biofuels," said Jim Rausch, president of College Station, Texas-based Common Sense Farm Business, LLC, which developed a prototype of watermelon juice - for processing ethanol plant.

"But not like algae biodiesel and cellulosic ethanol is now. No new technology should be developed so that it is profitable. "

Killer Spices Keep Harmful to The Bay

Pesticides May smell sweet as rosemary, thyme and cinnamon.

Spices, among other things, evidence of the impact of insects on fresh fighting environment and safety for humans, "said entomologist Murray Isman, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Speaking yesterday in an American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, Isman that insects are less likely to develop resistance to extract chemicals from the classic spice.

This concept is not new: For centuries, people have been extracted from plants from oil hard to protect their food. Well, scientists have finally the calculation is important, as oil and pest control against the way people more efficiently.

"There is a certain magic in the way of nature, what has been done," said Isman. "The research we are trying to find the important work that the best oil for the application."

Spice plants have a strong odor of the chemical structure: They consist of small molecules that evaporate easily. Extraction of oil from this plant is generally used for aroma and taste of food, shampoos, candles and other products.

You can also change the chemical structure of spice extracts penetrate easily into the membranes of brain cells, as an error. In recent years, scientists have two types of messenger molecules in the brain that insects with essential oils.

By blocking or stimulating molecules or their receptors, it causes the oil or high-flying insects. At the dose is high enough, said Isman, May be some of the oil from the nervous system of insects.

People, pets and other animals do not have the same molecule in the brain, Rasul, so that extracts from dangerous insects security for us. Scientists now considering the brain as a target for synthetic pesticides.

"Some of the major oil companies, the repulsion is remarkable," said Joel Coats, an insect toxicology and researcher at the University of Iowa State in Ames. "If we understand how the biochemical level, we can be better used, and this is really an important step in the moment. "



Isman devoted much time to dissect the secrets of rosemary, a neurotoxin that is particularly strong for many insects. Previous work has shown that rosemary oil contains several chemicals 80 or 90, 10, for more than 90 percent of what is available.

Isman and colleagues tested the toxic effects of 10 people by creating artificial oil extract, nine other people, then the mixture is all the spider mites. Researchers are able to finger the most powerful of the three chemicals, three or four small effects, and three or four, which seems not much to do at all for the mites.

When the scientists tested a mixture of three chemicals, but the result is that 30 per cent more toxic than the real Rosemary.

"There are some internal magic mixture of compounds, the attempt to discuss the next to them," he says. "There are advantages to the use of nature as a mixture of them come from plants.

Over time, insects can not also support the development of tolerance to the synergies involved in the complex mix of chemicals, but they quickly resistant to pesticides.

Insects are already on the market repellents with rosemary, peppermint, cinnamon, thyme and other odiferous oil, but scientists are not yet able to predict the functions of the extract, where the insects. Even in close insects react differently to the same extract.

Just know what is best in each situation, scientists can order any type of extract to each type of insect. Coats with software to predict who will extract the most powerful on the basis of chemical structure.

More than an experiment, the data show that the mixture of essential oils with pesticides to farmers to use more than half of all things classical, and still the same results.

For Bio-heart, the future of the fight against pests business, feel better and better.